![]() ![]() ![]() In 2012, a freight train crashed in Goodwell, Oklahoma, claiming the lives of three people ( NTSB, 2013). Their difficulties likely also extend to color-coded information on medical charts, images on electronic displays, color-coded cables, and leads on instrumentation. CVD doctors report difficulty seeing redness associated with a rash or sunburn, detecting color cues associated with cyanosis or jaundice, or stains commonly used in histology or bacteriology ( Cole 2007 Spalding, 1997, 1999). Similarly, there are practicing CVD medical professionals ( Spalding, 1997, 1999). A 2006 review of Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) records showed that 152 CVD air traffic controllers were employed by the FAA ( Xing & Schroeder, 2006). In many cases, screening for color deficiency may not be required and if it is required, individuals may apply for a waiver to perform the task ( Cardosi & Hannon, 1999), as is the case for CVD air traffic controllers ( “Guide for Aviation Medical Examiners,” 2016). Prevalence and Misconceptions of Color DeficiencyĬolor vision deficiency does not preclude individuals from employment in socially critical occupations such as medicine ( Spalding, 1997, 1999) and aviation. This latter issue is the focus of this article. CVD users do not experience the full array of hues seen by people with normal color vision and consequently face difficulty when colors they cannot discriminate between are used to encode information. Nevertheless, using color to encode information poses a number of challenges, including that (a) it lacks an ordered perceptual sequence, limiting its applicability when coding ordered data ( Ware, 2013) (b) pseudocolor coding schemes, such as the rainbow-colored maps used to depict weather, terrain, and other information, can obscure data and lead to misinterpretation ( Borland & Taylor, 2007 Rogowitz & Treinish, 1998) and (c) approximately 8% of men and 0.5% of women are color vision deficient (abbreviated CVD hereafter). All subjects Allied Health Cardiology & Cardiovascular Medicine Dentistry Emergency Medicine & Critical Care Endocrinology & Metabolism Environmental Science General Medicine Geriatrics Infectious Diseases Medico-legal Neurology Nursing Nutrition Obstetrics & Gynecology Oncology Orthopaedics & Sports Medicine Otolaryngology Palliative Medicine & Chronic Care Pediatrics Pharmacology & Toxicology Psychiatry & Psychology Public Health Pulmonary & Respiratory Medicine Radiology Research Methods & Evaluation Rheumatology Surgery Tropical Medicine Veterinary Medicine Cell Biology Clinical Biochemistry Environmental Science Life Sciences Neuroscience Pharmacology & Toxicology Biomedical Engineering Engineering & Computing Environmental Engineering Materials Science Anthropology & Archaeology Communication & Media Studies Criminology & Criminal Justice Cultural Studies Economics & Development Education Environmental Studies Ethnic Studies Family Studies Gender Studies Geography Gerontology & Aging Group Studies History Information Science Interpersonal Violence Language & Linguistics Law Management & Organization Studies Marketing & Hospitality Music Peace Studies & Conflict Resolution Philosophy Politics & International Relations Psychoanalysis Psychology & Counseling Public Administration Regional Studies Religion Research Methods & Evaluation Science & Society Studies Social Work & Social Policy Sociology Special Education Urban Studies & Planning BROWSE JOURNALSĬolor represents a powerful tool for conveying information and leverages both the sensitivity of the human visual system to color ( Chaparro, Stromeyer, Huang, Kronauer, & Eskew, 1993) and the rich and complex set of learned associations.
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